Anatomical Consideration for Posterior Atlantoaxial Transarticular Screw Fixation from Reformatted Two-Dimensional CT Images

Abstract

Background: Posterior transarticular C1-C2 fixation by screw is a widely used technique to correct atlantoaxial instability. However, the screw trajectory must be precise because the adjacent vital organs include the spinal cord and vertebral artery in the transverse foramen. Due to the lack of an objective measuring method, clarifying the range of the safe zone of screw trajectory in both the sagittal and coronal planes is important. Objective: To clarify the safe zone and ideal trajectory for screw fixation ensuring safety and without violating the transverse foramen and spinal canal. Methods: Radiographs of the normal upper cervical spine and coronal reconstruction CT scans from the entry point of the screw on C2 was performed and the safe zone for the screw path was drawn. The points of screw intersection on the superior articular surface of C2 were measured from the posterior rim of the superior articular surface of C2 then the safe zone of the screw in the coronal plane was drawn in the coronal oblique plane along the screw direction. Results: Average safe zone in the sagittal plane was 51.6 – 61.2 relative to the superior articular of C2 and the safe zone in the coronal view was medially 9.5 and laterally 4.2 relative to the midline of the spinous process. The safe zone and ideal screw trajectory should intersect C2 at 8.03 and 4.5 mm from the posterior rim of the superior articular surface on C2. Conclusion: The result of this study showed the range of the safe zone of the posterior atlantoaxial screw trajectory that guides to minimize the risk of misdirection and violating the transverse foramen by the screw. The areas on the superior articular of C2 intersected by the trajectories making the longest paths are guides to purchase the longest path of bone to achieve more stability and pullout strength